M a g y a r
KATEKIZMUS
amit mindenkinek tudni kell
az elszakitott magyar területekről.
Translation:
(MAGYAR CATECHISM
what everyone has to know about
the Hungarian territories torn from Hungary)
Mit vesztettünk?
Mihez van jogunk?
Mi a béke-revizió útja?
Translation:
(What did we loose?
What rights do we have?
What is the road to the peace-revision?)
Kiadja az Országos Közművelődési Tanács
megbizásából a Kir.Magy. Egyetemi Nyomda 350 éves
jubiláris esztendejében Budapesten, 1927
(Publishing was commissioned by the National Educational Council
in the 350th jubilary year of the Royal Magyar University Press in Budapest, 1927)
Másolat:
az 1927. évben kiadott Magyar Katekizmus szöveghű kiadása nyomán az eredeti 6 térképpel és 20 képpel ellátott füzetből, mely a Szabadságharcos Szövetség Chicago-i kiadása felhasználásával készült.
Copy:
This present publication is the complete copy of the 1927 Magyar Katekizmus’ original booklet containing the original 6 maps and 20 pictures which was prepared based upon the publication of the Chicago Freedom Fighter’s Association.
THE TRIANON PEACE
is the most cruel peace in World History, a peace of complete ignorance of facts and the peace of unsatisfiable greed is the subject of this little book. The letters on the following pages bring before the reader the complete tragedy of a thousand year old country and its people, maps, pictures and numbers make the hopelessness of the Magyar fate horrifying. Because it would be self-deluding to proclaim that this Hungary after Trianon is viable and that the borders forced upon us are such between which a nation can live in this homeland. Every parallel between the Tartar invasion, the devastation which followed the Mohács tragedy[1] and the situation created by the Trianon peace for the sole reason to console ourselves: We experienced worse things like this... – No, we did not, we never did! The country did not live the organic life neither in the times of King Béla IV, nor King Lajos II which Hungary lived before the dismemberment of Trianon which reached the very advanced cultural status, with its web of railroads, waterways which made the country’s different regions interdependent not only politically but economically also.
This booklet’s goal is not to console or to comfort. Much rather its maps, its numbers bring despearation much more than consolation, they are cold and unbending reminders of reality much more than agents of comfort.
This book talks to the national consciousness and national mind, not to the national hopes. Every single data, its every single line is a part of the great Magyar tragedy, a part of our present misery and the strength of the past. One has to know every numerical data, because the Hungarian justice has no stronger support than these, but we also have to know them so they may grow into faith in everyone the fact: to live, to survive in this manner is impossible!
By today we may be able to contemplate the data of this book without desperation. The dark night of Trianon may be broken here and there the lightning bolts of truth coming from afar and which bring a flicker of light following the words of awakening conscience. These flickers do not contain the totality of our hopes, but they may be the harbingers of an approaching dawn! We await the dawn and the constant light of the Sun instead of these flickering lightsand we all hope for this, we sorrowful Magyars who lost their home and future.
In the year of awakening Justice, 1927
Országos Közművelődési Tanács
The National Educational Council
What did we loose?
Hungary’s territory before the Trianon Treaty, without Croatia and Slavonia was
282,870 square kilometers, with 18,264.533 inhabitants
With Croatia-Slavonia
325.411 square kilometers, with 20,886.487 inhabitants
[1] A decisive battle against the Turks in the 15th century which was followed by a 150 year Turkish occupation.
KATEKIZMUS
amit mindenkinek tudni kell
az elszakitott magyar területekről.
Translation:
(MAGYAR CATECHISM
what everyone has to know about
the Hungarian territories torn from Hungary)
Mit vesztettünk?
Mihez van jogunk?
Mi a béke-revizió útja?
Translation:
(What did we loose?
What rights do we have?
What is the road to the peace-revision?)
Kiadja az Országos Közművelődési Tanács
megbizásából a Kir.Magy. Egyetemi Nyomda 350 éves
jubiláris esztendejében Budapesten, 1927
(Publishing was commissioned by the National Educational Council
in the 350th jubilary year of the Royal Magyar University Press in Budapest, 1927)
Másolat:
az 1927. évben kiadott Magyar Katekizmus szöveghű kiadása nyomán az eredeti 6 térképpel és 20 képpel ellátott füzetből, mely a Szabadságharcos Szövetség Chicago-i kiadása felhasználásával készült.
Copy:
This present publication is the complete copy of the 1927 Magyar Katekizmus’ original booklet containing the original 6 maps and 20 pictures which was prepared based upon the publication of the Chicago Freedom Fighter’s Association.
THE TRIANON PEACE
is the most cruel peace in World History, a peace of complete ignorance of facts and the peace of unsatisfiable greed is the subject of this little book. The letters on the following pages bring before the reader the complete tragedy of a thousand year old country and its people, maps, pictures and numbers make the hopelessness of the Magyar fate horrifying. Because it would be self-deluding to proclaim that this Hungary after Trianon is viable and that the borders forced upon us are such between which a nation can live in this homeland. Every parallel between the Tartar invasion, the devastation which followed the Mohács tragedy[1] and the situation created by the Trianon peace for the sole reason to console ourselves: We experienced worse things like this... – No, we did not, we never did! The country did not live the organic life neither in the times of King Béla IV, nor King Lajos II which Hungary lived before the dismemberment of Trianon which reached the very advanced cultural status, with its web of railroads, waterways which made the country’s different regions interdependent not only politically but economically also.
This booklet’s goal is not to console or to comfort. Much rather its maps, its numbers bring despearation much more than consolation, they are cold and unbending reminders of reality much more than agents of comfort.
This book talks to the national consciousness and national mind, not to the national hopes. Every single data, its every single line is a part of the great Magyar tragedy, a part of our present misery and the strength of the past. One has to know every numerical data, because the Hungarian justice has no stronger support than these, but we also have to know them so they may grow into faith in everyone the fact: to live, to survive in this manner is impossible!
By today we may be able to contemplate the data of this book without desperation. The dark night of Trianon may be broken here and there the lightning bolts of truth coming from afar and which bring a flicker of light following the words of awakening conscience. These flickers do not contain the totality of our hopes, but they may be the harbingers of an approaching dawn! We await the dawn and the constant light of the Sun instead of these flickering lightsand we all hope for this, we sorrowful Magyars who lost their home and future.
In the year of awakening Justice, 1927
Országos Közművelődési Tanács
The National Educational Council
What did we loose?
Hungary’s territory before the Trianon Treaty, without Croatia and Slavonia was
282,870 square kilometers, with 18,264.533 inhabitants
With Croatia-Slavonia
325.411 square kilometers, with 20,886.487 inhabitants
[1] A decisive battle against the Turks in the 15th century which was followed by a 150 year Turkish occupation.
(The map of the dismembered Hungary)
Following the peace treaty which was signed on June 4 1920 and the smaller border-corrections that followed, its territory shrank to
92,607 square kilometers;
based upon the 1910 census it had
7,599.246 inhabitants
Not counting Croatia and Slavonia they took away
more than two-thirds of its territory, numerically
190,263 square kilometers.
58 %, so more, than half of its inhabitants was taken away, numerically
10,663.287 inhabitants.
With Croatia and Slavonia together
they have taken a territory of
232,804 square kilometers with
13,287.241 inhabitants.
in other words 72 % of the territory of the Hungarian Kingdom and 64 % of its inhabitants.
This is an incredibly great loss to the country with the loss of forests, mines, foundries, the sensless dismemberment of train-transport lines, the disturbing of the natural flows of rivers, with the stopping of national educational systems. A beautiful, progressing life was killed, the strong, thousand year old body was dismembered.
Let us see who got what of this in the great, ugly partition in Trianon?
What did the Czechs receive
through the dismemberment of Hungary?
The Czechoslovak Republic was formed in 1918 and received from Hungary
63,004 square mile territory and on it
3,567.575 inhabitants
which were annexed.
The entire Pozsony county was thrown to them (with the exception of some smaller islands), then Nyitra, Bars, Trencsén, Zólyom and Sáros counties too. Árva and Szepes counties were given to the Czechs with the restriction that 14 towns of Árva county and 13 towns of Szepes county will be given to Poland, but of course effectively these too were lost to Hungary. The Czechs received in addition the northern part of Komárom and Esztergom counties and also Hont county with the exception of 20 towns on this side of the Ipoly river; the greater part of Nógrád county, Gömör and Kishont county almost in their entirety were given away leaving only 20 towns on its south-eastern corner, Abauj county’s upper part with Kassa, the greatest part of Zemplén county, the entire Ung county with the exception of two towns; Bereg county with the exception of 25 towns, which remained with Hungary. The Czechs got a part of Máramaros county all the way to the river Tisza, its other part was given to the Rumanians. What’s more Czechslovakia got two towns of Győr county near the river Duna; at the river Tisza they got three Magyar towns from Szabolcs county.
In this region a long list of renowned cities were transferred under Czech rule, among them several, greater cities with Hungarian inhabitants. The cities of Pozsony, Nagyszombat, Érsekújvár, Komárom (only the part of the city on the right bank of the Danube called Újszőny which became only recently part of Komárom remained a Hungarian possession under the name of Komárom), Nyitra, Léva, Selmecbánya, Trancsén, Zsolna, Besztercebánya, Zólyom, Losonc, Rimaszombat, Rozsnyó, Kassa, Igló, Lőcse, Késmárk, Eperjes, Bártfa, Ungvár, Munkács, Beregszász, Huszt, Rózsahegy became Czech possessions.
Map: What was taken by the Czechs?
World famous baths the following were placed under Czech rule: the baths of the Tátra, the Csorba-lake, Pöstyén, Trencsénteplic, Rajateplic, Vihnye, Szliács, Fenyőháza, Korytnica, Feketehegy, Iglófüred, Bártfa, Stósz, Ránk, Szobránc, Szolyva along with a shole row of important springs with healing properties.
In the field of economics
Hungary’s greatest loss to the Czechs are the forests although the loss of arable land is very significant also and the fact that the agricultural lands were owned by purely Magyar population.
The following became Czech property
3,883,295 cadastral acre (1 ca=1,412 acres)
4,100.863 hold (l hold =1,42 English acres, 0,57 hectares), mostly the pine growths which are excellent timber materials.
More than a quarter of Hungary’s forests,
27 percent were given under Czech rule, and
40 percent of her pine forests.
Prior to this Hungary was able to export lumber, now she dependet on import.
Lifestock
1,360.055 beef
762.898 swine
1,172.615 sheep
279,458 horses
were given over to the Czech-Slovakian territory, relatively fewer for example than what the Rumanians received and relatively fewer than what was left for the dismembered Hungary, because in the Felvidék (Uplands) the animal husbandry was at a smaller scale.
Our arable lands
(8. old. képek)
In heavy industry
Hungary had severe losses to the Czechs. This loss was made even heavier since the Felvidék provided a lot of raw materials to the factories within the central regions of Hungary and the absence of these materials weight heavily upon the industry of the Dismembered Hungary. The following came under Czech rule:
817 factory complexes with 98,000 workers.
The products of the Hungarian food-industry amounted to 135,000 gold Crowns. There was an extended sugar production with 7890 workers (Nagysurány, Diószeg, Nagyszombat, Nagymagyar, Trencsén), mill-industry, alcohol and sugar producation, tobacco and even more iron and metal industry.
With the loss of the city of Pozsony Hungary has lost more than 100 factories, and with the loss of the city of Kassa more than 40 factories.
In the field of iron and metal industry the territory given over to Czech rule produced products worth 135 million Crowns. Of the 5630 Credit Banks 723 remained in the territory given to Czech-Slovaks.
Mines
Among them the following were lost: from the gold and silver mines Körmöcbánya, Aranyida, Hodrusbánya, Selmec- and bélabánya, Szélakna
of the copper mines: Úrvölgy, Dobsina, the Szepes Ötösbánya, Szomolnok,
of the iron ore: Libetbánya, Tiszolc and with this all the mines of county Gömör, like Hisnyóvíz, Batlér, rozsnyó, Lice, etc., Korompa in Szepes, Gölnicbánya, Prakfalva, Kassahámor, Mecenzél, Jászó
The only significant petroleumfield was lost with Egbel in Nyitra county.
The yearly iron-production in métermázsa[1]
Picture pg.9
Railroads
3824 kilometers got into Czech possession, even such important international lines, as the one between Budapest and Berlin, the Budapest-Marcheg and Zsolna lines with the exception of only 65 kilometers.
Education
It is a true cultural disaster the annihilation of middle-school and university level education on the torn-away territories. The schools which were nurtured through two or more centuries were closed down, or were given oer to Czech teachers. The ones with state affilatiation were confiscated at the onset of course. The Hungarian Piarists had to move out from all the gimnasiums and in this manner the following cities were lost to the Hungarian culture all at once: Nyitra, Trencsén, Privigye, Selmecbánya, Rózsahegy, Léva.
The Pozsony University was made into a Czech-language university. The great Royal universities which kept the Hungarian education flourising during the hardships of history, such as Pozsony, Nyitra, Bajmóc, Selmecbánya, the cities of Szepes: Eperjes, Bártfa, Kassa, Ungvár, Munkács, their churches, castles, private homes which were considered historical treasures with their highly valued collections were such a great loss to Hungary which cannot be even estimated. The Czechs not only removed important statues, but they even exploded them, like the statue of Maria Theresia in Pozsony created by Fadrusz and the memorial of the Hungarian Soldier. The poet Petőfi’s statue too was removed.
Church organisations
were also dissolved and disturbed by the Trianon peace. The Roman Catholic Church’s ancient institution, the seat of the Esztergom archbishopry was cur back to one third of its original size: the Nyitra, Besztercebánya and Szepes diocese were placed under Czech rule in toto, there was some little left of the Rozsnyó archdiocese and more than half of the Kassa diocese was given over to the occupied territory. The same fate befell the Greek Catholic diocese. The protestant districts were mutilated or torn into half and with this not only the church organizations were disturbed but a great loss resulted in the loss of Church goods and educational foundations which were seized arbitrarily.
What did they give over to Rumania from the body of Hungary?
These „Peace Apostles” were even more generous toward Rumania when it came to donating them Hungarian goods. They got almost twice as much territory than the Czechs, all together
102,181 square kilometers with 5,236.305 inhabitants.
According to the 1910 Census there lived 2,800.000 Rumanians on these seized territories; there were consecutive Hungarian islands between the regions inhabited by Rumanians; furthermore many purely Hungarian territories were seized too. Rumania received the entire Erdély (Transylvania) and the southern part of Máramaros, also Ugocsa along with three-fifth part of Szatmár County along with its capital city. The entire Szilágy County, the four fifth of Bihar County, the entire Arad County with the exception of a few small towns, just as much as the entire Krassó-Szörény County. The territories of Temes and Torontál Counties were given to Rumania in toto with the exception of those parts that were given over the Serbia.
All the Transylvanian cities, like Kolozsvár, Marosvásárhely, brassó, Nagyszeben, Beszterce, Gyulafehérvár, Dés, Torda were taken from Hungary which cities had only a very small Rumanian population. Such cities were also Temesvár, Arad, Nagyvárad, Szatmár, Nagykároly, Máramarossziget, Lugos, Resicabánya, Nagylak. One city, the birthplace of the greatest Hungarian poet János Arany, which is Nagyszalonta with an entirely homogenous Hungarian population.
What was taken away by Rumania?
map pg 11
Of the confiscated economic territories
Rumania received
5,939.157 hold arable land[2]
6,189.222 hold forests
and so most of the Hungarian forests were lost here too.
Of the vineyards Rumania received significantly more than the Czechs, namely
80,772 holds
The Aradhegyalja, Érmellék, Szatmár, the Transylvanian wine counties were lost to Hungary. Beyond the significant Transylvanian baths and medicinal springs Bikszád, the Szent László and Félix hot springs near Nagyvárad, Menyháza, Marillavölgy, Buziás and the world famous Herkulesfürdő were also lost.
Live-stocks
Rumania received almost one third of the beefs, namely according to the 1911 census
2,065.715 beefs
1,486.672 pigs
one fifth of the entire Hungarian live-stock and accordingly 505,779 horses and in the greatest amount 3,431.977 sheep because there was a greater sheep breeding here.
Industry
Hungary lost 927 industiral sights with about 93.000 workers.
These industrial places prepared products worth
614,895.000 gold Crowns.
The most valuable industrial cities were Arad, Temesvár, then Nagyvárad, in Erdély Kolozsvár, Torda was just emerging. The most income came from the food industry, 207 Crowns, aftr that comes the iron and metal industry with 111 million crowns, the wood industry with 90 millions; the spinning and weaving industry produced 25 million Crowns, the chemical industry 41 millions. These could have gotten a great boost later, after the war from the gas reserves which were little utilized during the war. The Trianon peace-order took away the Transylvanian gas fields, the most valuable black-coal mines, the vicinity of Petrozsény and Anina; also the large iron mines of Hunyad County and the foundries which were supplied by them, and above all
Gold and salt mines.
The latter ones were not only taken away in Erdély, but Máramaros County too from where (at the Aknaszlatina and Sugatag mines) was able to cover her needs with a surplus with salt, while today Hungary does not have even one kilo salt. We can get to every morsel through import. The gold producation suffered significant lasses by the loss of Alsófehér and Hunyad County mines.
From the 5630 Credit Institutions of Hungary 1631 were given to Rumania, the two-seventh part of these institutions.
Railroads
Almost one quarter of the Hungarian railroads got into Rumanian possession, all together 5263 kilometers of railroad lines.
Among these were three main lines: the Nagyváraed-kolozsvár-Predeál; The Arad-Tövis and the Szeged-Temesvár-Orsova line. It is a very sensitive loss that some side-lines were cut for no reason. In this way between the intedependent Hungarian cities there was no possibility of commuting and transfer of goods and keeping in contact with Hungary escalated to such difficulties which comprised an economic impossibility.
Public education
The Romanocised Kolozsvár University and the Temesvár Politechnic University, which was under reorganisation got lost to Hungary. The Kolozsvár University was resurrected by the government in Szeged without its confiscated institutions and collections. In the meanwhile Rumania sent to the Kolozsvár University Rumanian professors, many of whom was unqualified to uphold the level of teaching required by a higher educational institution. The Hungarian teaching was abolished in the public middle schools, the Hungarian language was tolerated only in the religious but those in an ever increasing limited number. The Hungarian elementary school education was severly limited, many parents, whom they could accuse of non-Magyar origin (who had a foreign sounding name for example) were forced to send their children to Rumanian schools.
Public schools
pictures
Our monuments
The first monuments that were lost were the old churches of high artistic value. Hungary lost the very prescious museums in Kolozsvár, Nagyszeben, Nagyvárad, Arad, Temesvár. Statues which had historical significance for Hungary were removed. The statue of the Hungarian poet Petőfi in Segesvár[3] was rescued in time, it is now in Kiskunfélegyháza Hungary, but the magnificent freedom statue of Arad was left there. The statue of King Saint László was removed, but it was not destroyed. The statue of King Mátyás in Kolozsvár was damaged, a Rumanian inscription was placed upon it and this masterpiece created by the Hungarian Fadrusz is totally uncared for.
Churches
The Szatmár, Nagyvárad, Csanád church districts were cut; the autonomous status of the Transylvanian Roman Catholic church was mutitlated concerning their holdings and functions; the Hungarian Greek Orthodox bishop has lost almost all of his parishes. The two protestant denominations of the Tiszántúl were also greatly mutilated, torn apart; the Hungarian Unitarians, for whom there was a bishopry in Budapest were separated from their Pastoral Leader in Transylvania.
What did Serbia receive from the body of Hungary?
21,032 square mile territory
was annexed to the Serbo-Croatian-Slovenian Kingdom from the body of Hungary, not counting Croatia-Slovenia, which were totally absorbed into the new Serbian state. The territory of Croatia-Slavonia 42,541 square miles with 2,621.954 inhabitants, so
63,572 square miles of the Hungarian Kingdom was annexed to the South-Slavic state.
(This territory roughly equals that of Czechoslovakia), but the south-Slavic territory was much thicker population, so that the territory given to the Czechs with its 3,567.575 inhabitants the south Slavic country received 4,140.967 inhabitants. So the population taken from Hungary added up to
1,519.013 inhabitants
according to the 1910 census.
The following territories were torn from Hungary and given over to Serb-Croat-Slovenian kingdom: 111 towns from Vas county, the entire Muraköz and the Alsólendva district’s 46 towns, Baranya county’s Duna-Dráva corner with 24 towns, on the left side of the Danube the new border cuts in half Bács-Bodrog county’s upper half wo that even the territory of the city of Szabadka was cut in half; here two new Hungarian towns formed from the Szabadka citizens; not counting these only 22 towns were left of Bács-Bodrog county and the city of Baja wich had municipal authority. The border, which cuts through Bács cut also Horgos from Csongrád county and it even mutilated the territory of the city of Szeged. There were only 5 towns left in Hungarian hands of Torontál county. Serbia and Rumania divided the spoils of this county; this completely flat county was cut into three unnatural parts without taking into consideration its generic composition and its Hungarian and German populations.
[1] one métermázsa is one hundred kilos.
[2] (l hold =1,42 English acres, 0,57 hectares)
[3] Petőfi, considered one of the greatest Hungarian poets died in Segesvár during the 1848 Freedom Fight against the Habsburg domination. The Freedom Fight was lost with the help of Russian intervention.
Following the peace treaty which was signed on June 4 1920 and the smaller border-corrections that followed, its territory shrank to
92,607 square kilometers;
based upon the 1910 census it had
7,599.246 inhabitants
Not counting Croatia and Slavonia they took away
more than two-thirds of its territory, numerically
190,263 square kilometers.
58 %, so more, than half of its inhabitants was taken away, numerically
10,663.287 inhabitants.
With Croatia and Slavonia together
they have taken a territory of
232,804 square kilometers with
13,287.241 inhabitants.
in other words 72 % of the territory of the Hungarian Kingdom and 64 % of its inhabitants.
This is an incredibly great loss to the country with the loss of forests, mines, foundries, the sensless dismemberment of train-transport lines, the disturbing of the natural flows of rivers, with the stopping of national educational systems. A beautiful, progressing life was killed, the strong, thousand year old body was dismembered.
Let us see who got what of this in the great, ugly partition in Trianon?
What did the Czechs receive
through the dismemberment of Hungary?
The Czechoslovak Republic was formed in 1918 and received from Hungary
63,004 square mile territory and on it
3,567.575 inhabitants
which were annexed.
The entire Pozsony county was thrown to them (with the exception of some smaller islands), then Nyitra, Bars, Trencsén, Zólyom and Sáros counties too. Árva and Szepes counties were given to the Czechs with the restriction that 14 towns of Árva county and 13 towns of Szepes county will be given to Poland, but of course effectively these too were lost to Hungary. The Czechs received in addition the northern part of Komárom and Esztergom counties and also Hont county with the exception of 20 towns on this side of the Ipoly river; the greater part of Nógrád county, Gömör and Kishont county almost in their entirety were given away leaving only 20 towns on its south-eastern corner, Abauj county’s upper part with Kassa, the greatest part of Zemplén county, the entire Ung county with the exception of two towns; Bereg county with the exception of 25 towns, which remained with Hungary. The Czechs got a part of Máramaros county all the way to the river Tisza, its other part was given to the Rumanians. What’s more Czechslovakia got two towns of Győr county near the river Duna; at the river Tisza they got three Magyar towns from Szabolcs county.
In this region a long list of renowned cities were transferred under Czech rule, among them several, greater cities with Hungarian inhabitants. The cities of Pozsony, Nagyszombat, Érsekújvár, Komárom (only the part of the city on the right bank of the Danube called Újszőny which became only recently part of Komárom remained a Hungarian possession under the name of Komárom), Nyitra, Léva, Selmecbánya, Trancsén, Zsolna, Besztercebánya, Zólyom, Losonc, Rimaszombat, Rozsnyó, Kassa, Igló, Lőcse, Késmárk, Eperjes, Bártfa, Ungvár, Munkács, Beregszász, Huszt, Rózsahegy became Czech possessions.
Map: What was taken by the Czechs?
World famous baths the following were placed under Czech rule: the baths of the Tátra, the Csorba-lake, Pöstyén, Trencsénteplic, Rajateplic, Vihnye, Szliács, Fenyőháza, Korytnica, Feketehegy, Iglófüred, Bártfa, Stósz, Ránk, Szobránc, Szolyva along with a shole row of important springs with healing properties.
In the field of economics
Hungary’s greatest loss to the Czechs are the forests although the loss of arable land is very significant also and the fact that the agricultural lands were owned by purely Magyar population.
The following became Czech property
3,883,295 cadastral acre (1 ca=1,412 acres)
4,100.863 hold (l hold =1,42 English acres, 0,57 hectares), mostly the pine growths which are excellent timber materials.
More than a quarter of Hungary’s forests,
27 percent were given under Czech rule, and
40 percent of her pine forests.
Prior to this Hungary was able to export lumber, now she dependet on import.
Lifestock
1,360.055 beef
762.898 swine
1,172.615 sheep
279,458 horses
were given over to the Czech-Slovakian territory, relatively fewer for example than what the Rumanians received and relatively fewer than what was left for the dismembered Hungary, because in the Felvidék (Uplands) the animal husbandry was at a smaller scale.
Our arable lands
(8. old. képek)
In heavy industry
Hungary had severe losses to the Czechs. This loss was made even heavier since the Felvidék provided a lot of raw materials to the factories within the central regions of Hungary and the absence of these materials weight heavily upon the industry of the Dismembered Hungary. The following came under Czech rule:
817 factory complexes with 98,000 workers.
The products of the Hungarian food-industry amounted to 135,000 gold Crowns. There was an extended sugar production with 7890 workers (Nagysurány, Diószeg, Nagyszombat, Nagymagyar, Trencsén), mill-industry, alcohol and sugar producation, tobacco and even more iron and metal industry.
With the loss of the city of Pozsony Hungary has lost more than 100 factories, and with the loss of the city of Kassa more than 40 factories.
In the field of iron and metal industry the territory given over to Czech rule produced products worth 135 million Crowns. Of the 5630 Credit Banks 723 remained in the territory given to Czech-Slovaks.
Mines
Among them the following were lost: from the gold and silver mines Körmöcbánya, Aranyida, Hodrusbánya, Selmec- and bélabánya, Szélakna
of the copper mines: Úrvölgy, Dobsina, the Szepes Ötösbánya, Szomolnok,
of the iron ore: Libetbánya, Tiszolc and with this all the mines of county Gömör, like Hisnyóvíz, Batlér, rozsnyó, Lice, etc., Korompa in Szepes, Gölnicbánya, Prakfalva, Kassahámor, Mecenzél, Jászó
The only significant petroleumfield was lost with Egbel in Nyitra county.
The yearly iron-production in métermázsa[1]
Picture pg.9
Railroads
3824 kilometers got into Czech possession, even such important international lines, as the one between Budapest and Berlin, the Budapest-Marcheg and Zsolna lines with the exception of only 65 kilometers.
Education
It is a true cultural disaster the annihilation of middle-school and university level education on the torn-away territories. The schools which were nurtured through two or more centuries were closed down, or were given oer to Czech teachers. The ones with state affilatiation were confiscated at the onset of course. The Hungarian Piarists had to move out from all the gimnasiums and in this manner the following cities were lost to the Hungarian culture all at once: Nyitra, Trencsén, Privigye, Selmecbánya, Rózsahegy, Léva.
The Pozsony University was made into a Czech-language university. The great Royal universities which kept the Hungarian education flourising during the hardships of history, such as Pozsony, Nyitra, Bajmóc, Selmecbánya, the cities of Szepes: Eperjes, Bártfa, Kassa, Ungvár, Munkács, their churches, castles, private homes which were considered historical treasures with their highly valued collections were such a great loss to Hungary which cannot be even estimated. The Czechs not only removed important statues, but they even exploded them, like the statue of Maria Theresia in Pozsony created by Fadrusz and the memorial of the Hungarian Soldier. The poet Petőfi’s statue too was removed.
Church organisations
were also dissolved and disturbed by the Trianon peace. The Roman Catholic Church’s ancient institution, the seat of the Esztergom archbishopry was cur back to one third of its original size: the Nyitra, Besztercebánya and Szepes diocese were placed under Czech rule in toto, there was some little left of the Rozsnyó archdiocese and more than half of the Kassa diocese was given over to the occupied territory. The same fate befell the Greek Catholic diocese. The protestant districts were mutilated or torn into half and with this not only the church organizations were disturbed but a great loss resulted in the loss of Church goods and educational foundations which were seized arbitrarily.
What did they give over to Rumania from the body of Hungary?
These „Peace Apostles” were even more generous toward Rumania when it came to donating them Hungarian goods. They got almost twice as much territory than the Czechs, all together
102,181 square kilometers with 5,236.305 inhabitants.
According to the 1910 Census there lived 2,800.000 Rumanians on these seized territories; there were consecutive Hungarian islands between the regions inhabited by Rumanians; furthermore many purely Hungarian territories were seized too. Rumania received the entire Erdély (Transylvania) and the southern part of Máramaros, also Ugocsa along with three-fifth part of Szatmár County along with its capital city. The entire Szilágy County, the four fifth of Bihar County, the entire Arad County with the exception of a few small towns, just as much as the entire Krassó-Szörény County. The territories of Temes and Torontál Counties were given to Rumania in toto with the exception of those parts that were given over the Serbia.
All the Transylvanian cities, like Kolozsvár, Marosvásárhely, brassó, Nagyszeben, Beszterce, Gyulafehérvár, Dés, Torda were taken from Hungary which cities had only a very small Rumanian population. Such cities were also Temesvár, Arad, Nagyvárad, Szatmár, Nagykároly, Máramarossziget, Lugos, Resicabánya, Nagylak. One city, the birthplace of the greatest Hungarian poet János Arany, which is Nagyszalonta with an entirely homogenous Hungarian population.
What was taken away by Rumania?
map pg 11
Of the confiscated economic territories
Rumania received
5,939.157 hold arable land[2]
6,189.222 hold forests
and so most of the Hungarian forests were lost here too.
Of the vineyards Rumania received significantly more than the Czechs, namely
80,772 holds
The Aradhegyalja, Érmellék, Szatmár, the Transylvanian wine counties were lost to Hungary. Beyond the significant Transylvanian baths and medicinal springs Bikszád, the Szent László and Félix hot springs near Nagyvárad, Menyháza, Marillavölgy, Buziás and the world famous Herkulesfürdő were also lost.
Live-stocks
Rumania received almost one third of the beefs, namely according to the 1911 census
2,065.715 beefs
1,486.672 pigs
one fifth of the entire Hungarian live-stock and accordingly 505,779 horses and in the greatest amount 3,431.977 sheep because there was a greater sheep breeding here.
Industry
Hungary lost 927 industiral sights with about 93.000 workers.
These industrial places prepared products worth
614,895.000 gold Crowns.
The most valuable industrial cities were Arad, Temesvár, then Nagyvárad, in Erdély Kolozsvár, Torda was just emerging. The most income came from the food industry, 207 Crowns, aftr that comes the iron and metal industry with 111 million crowns, the wood industry with 90 millions; the spinning and weaving industry produced 25 million Crowns, the chemical industry 41 millions. These could have gotten a great boost later, after the war from the gas reserves which were little utilized during the war. The Trianon peace-order took away the Transylvanian gas fields, the most valuable black-coal mines, the vicinity of Petrozsény and Anina; also the large iron mines of Hunyad County and the foundries which were supplied by them, and above all
Gold and salt mines.
The latter ones were not only taken away in Erdély, but Máramaros County too from where (at the Aknaszlatina and Sugatag mines) was able to cover her needs with a surplus with salt, while today Hungary does not have even one kilo salt. We can get to every morsel through import. The gold producation suffered significant lasses by the loss of Alsófehér and Hunyad County mines.
From the 5630 Credit Institutions of Hungary 1631 were given to Rumania, the two-seventh part of these institutions.
Railroads
Almost one quarter of the Hungarian railroads got into Rumanian possession, all together 5263 kilometers of railroad lines.
Among these were three main lines: the Nagyváraed-kolozsvár-Predeál; The Arad-Tövis and the Szeged-Temesvár-Orsova line. It is a very sensitive loss that some side-lines were cut for no reason. In this way between the intedependent Hungarian cities there was no possibility of commuting and transfer of goods and keeping in contact with Hungary escalated to such difficulties which comprised an economic impossibility.
Public education
The Romanocised Kolozsvár University and the Temesvár Politechnic University, which was under reorganisation got lost to Hungary. The Kolozsvár University was resurrected by the government in Szeged without its confiscated institutions and collections. In the meanwhile Rumania sent to the Kolozsvár University Rumanian professors, many of whom was unqualified to uphold the level of teaching required by a higher educational institution. The Hungarian teaching was abolished in the public middle schools, the Hungarian language was tolerated only in the religious but those in an ever increasing limited number. The Hungarian elementary school education was severly limited, many parents, whom they could accuse of non-Magyar origin (who had a foreign sounding name for example) were forced to send their children to Rumanian schools.
Public schools
pictures
Our monuments
The first monuments that were lost were the old churches of high artistic value. Hungary lost the very prescious museums in Kolozsvár, Nagyszeben, Nagyvárad, Arad, Temesvár. Statues which had historical significance for Hungary were removed. The statue of the Hungarian poet Petőfi in Segesvár[3] was rescued in time, it is now in Kiskunfélegyháza Hungary, but the magnificent freedom statue of Arad was left there. The statue of King Saint László was removed, but it was not destroyed. The statue of King Mátyás in Kolozsvár was damaged, a Rumanian inscription was placed upon it and this masterpiece created by the Hungarian Fadrusz is totally uncared for.
Churches
The Szatmár, Nagyvárad, Csanád church districts were cut; the autonomous status of the Transylvanian Roman Catholic church was mutitlated concerning their holdings and functions; the Hungarian Greek Orthodox bishop has lost almost all of his parishes. The two protestant denominations of the Tiszántúl were also greatly mutilated, torn apart; the Hungarian Unitarians, for whom there was a bishopry in Budapest were separated from their Pastoral Leader in Transylvania.
What did Serbia receive from the body of Hungary?
21,032 square mile territory
was annexed to the Serbo-Croatian-Slovenian Kingdom from the body of Hungary, not counting Croatia-Slovenia, which were totally absorbed into the new Serbian state. The territory of Croatia-Slavonia 42,541 square miles with 2,621.954 inhabitants, so
63,572 square miles of the Hungarian Kingdom was annexed to the South-Slavic state.
(This territory roughly equals that of Czechoslovakia), but the south-Slavic territory was much thicker population, so that the territory given to the Czechs with its 3,567.575 inhabitants the south Slavic country received 4,140.967 inhabitants. So the population taken from Hungary added up to
1,519.013 inhabitants
according to the 1910 census.
The following territories were torn from Hungary and given over to Serb-Croat-Slovenian kingdom: 111 towns from Vas county, the entire Muraköz and the Alsólendva district’s 46 towns, Baranya county’s Duna-Dráva corner with 24 towns, on the left side of the Danube the new border cuts in half Bács-Bodrog county’s upper half wo that even the territory of the city of Szabadka was cut in half; here two new Hungarian towns formed from the Szabadka citizens; not counting these only 22 towns were left of Bács-Bodrog county and the city of Baja wich had municipal authority. The border, which cuts through Bács cut also Horgos from Csongrád county and it even mutilated the territory of the city of Szeged. There were only 5 towns left in Hungarian hands of Torontál county. Serbia and Rumania divided the spoils of this county; this completely flat county was cut into three unnatural parts without taking into consideration its generic composition and its Hungarian and German populations.
[1] one métermázsa is one hundred kilos.
[2] (l hold =1,42 English acres, 0,57 hectares)
[3] Petőfi, considered one of the greatest Hungarian poets died in Segesvár during the 1848 Freedom Fight against the Habsburg domination. The Freedom Fight was lost with the help of Russian intervention.
Hungary has lost to Serbia Szabadka, Zombor, Zenta, Óbecse, Újvidék, Pancsova, Nagybecskerek, Nagykikinda, Versec cities which were overwhelmingly Hungarian populated, some of them (with the exception of Pancsova) had a Hungarian majority.
Railroads
(pictures)
Locomotives
Railroad passenger cars
Railroad transport cars
Agriculture
The agricultural importance of Felvidék and Erdély and their adjunct territories were economically important to Hungary mostly for their woods and mines, the territories annexed to the south Slav states were very important for their excellent agricultural lands and their loss meant great loss to the Hungarian economy.
Counting Croatia-Slavonia the south Slavic kingdom took from Hungary
4,985.844 hold arable land
Live-stock
There was great loss mostly in beef and sheep, after that of pigs and horses. The territories annexed to the southern Slav state was famous for its animal husbandry. We lost the following according to the 1911 census, counting Croatia too
1,576.726 beef
1,525.827 sheep
646,087 horses
1,897.916 pigs
Industry and Credit-status
748 industrial complexes were annexed to the south Slav country (counting Croatia too) of the 4688 industrial complexes of the Hungarian Kingdom, and the territory taken from Hungary had 301. These were mostly connected with food, spinning and weaving and some other agricultural factories which employed 15,000 workers.
Hungary has lost a large number of the credit institutions to the southern Slav state since the annexed territories were economically very advanced. The old Hungarian Kingdom’s Credit Institutins lost 23 %, in all 1293 institutions, in other words, almost one quarter of the credit institutions went over to foreign domination.
Transportation
1834 km. long railway network
was given to Serbia (counting Croatia 4191 km. line). The severity of loss was even more pronounced counting the sensless cutting off lines through which Nagykanizsa, Pécs, Szeged lost its natural transportation background. The pernicious results of this is also felt by the population which was torn from Hungary. The navigation of the Duna-Tisza rivers is open under international supervision, but the supervision of the river banks by customs and police officers presents a great disruption in the traffic of navigation.
Public education.
Education of the public and the matter of higher education suffers the same restrictions to the Hungarian population, than under the czech and Rumanian rule; although in towns with Hungarian population the order of things is more liberal than the afore mentioned countries in the annexed territories. The public schols were „Serbianized”. It is a great loss to Hungarians that the operation of such institutions like the school of the Torontál Germans which was recreated in Szeged, the great restrictions placed upon the public and the enforced political rules made this impossible; all German and Hungarian citizens were torn from the Magyar cultural unity.
The churches suffered grave injuries and losses. The Roman Catholic Kalocsa-Bács church district’s greatest part was held occupied; the Csanád church district was torn into three parts; the Trontál parish has gotten partly under Serbian, partly under Rumanian rule. The same fate befell the Lutheran and Reformed parishes too.
What did Austria receive from the body Hungary?
From a moral point of view it should be placed under most severe judgement the gain which was given to Austria by the judgement of the peace-dictators against the welfare of Hungary even if the territorial and economic loss is not as pronounced. It was given to an Austria, next to which the Hungarians fought and for her borders which were far of any Hungarian interest and for which hundreds of thousands of Hungarian youths have shed their blood.
Railroads
(pictures)
Locomotives
Railroad passenger cars
Railroad transport cars
Agriculture
The agricultural importance of Felvidék and Erdély and their adjunct territories were economically important to Hungary mostly for their woods and mines, the territories annexed to the south Slav states were very important for their excellent agricultural lands and their loss meant great loss to the Hungarian economy.
Counting Croatia-Slavonia the south Slavic kingdom took from Hungary
4,985.844 hold arable land
Live-stock
There was great loss mostly in beef and sheep, after that of pigs and horses. The territories annexed to the southern Slav state was famous for its animal husbandry. We lost the following according to the 1911 census, counting Croatia too
1,576.726 beef
1,525.827 sheep
646,087 horses
1,897.916 pigs
Industry and Credit-status
748 industrial complexes were annexed to the south Slav country (counting Croatia too) of the 4688 industrial complexes of the Hungarian Kingdom, and the territory taken from Hungary had 301. These were mostly connected with food, spinning and weaving and some other agricultural factories which employed 15,000 workers.
Hungary has lost a large number of the credit institutions to the southern Slav state since the annexed territories were economically very advanced. The old Hungarian Kingdom’s Credit Institutins lost 23 %, in all 1293 institutions, in other words, almost one quarter of the credit institutions went over to foreign domination.
Transportation
1834 km. long railway network
was given to Serbia (counting Croatia 4191 km. line). The severity of loss was even more pronounced counting the sensless cutting off lines through which Nagykanizsa, Pécs, Szeged lost its natural transportation background. The pernicious results of this is also felt by the population which was torn from Hungary. The navigation of the Duna-Tisza rivers is open under international supervision, but the supervision of the river banks by customs and police officers presents a great disruption in the traffic of navigation.
Public education.
Education of the public and the matter of higher education suffers the same restrictions to the Hungarian population, than under the czech and Rumanian rule; although in towns with Hungarian population the order of things is more liberal than the afore mentioned countries in the annexed territories. The public schols were „Serbianized”. It is a great loss to Hungarians that the operation of such institutions like the school of the Torontál Germans which was recreated in Szeged, the great restrictions placed upon the public and the enforced political rules made this impossible; all German and Hungarian citizens were torn from the Magyar cultural unity.
The churches suffered grave injuries and losses. The Roman Catholic Kalocsa-Bács church district’s greatest part was held occupied; the Csanád church district was torn into three parts; the Trontál parish has gotten partly under Serbian, partly under Rumanian rule. The same fate befell the Lutheran and Reformed parishes too.
What did Austria receive from the body Hungary?
From a moral point of view it should be placed under most severe judgement the gain which was given to Austria by the judgement of the peace-dictators against the welfare of Hungary even if the territorial and economic loss is not as pronounced. It was given to an Austria, next to which the Hungarians fought and for her borders which were far of any Hungarian interest and for which hundreds of thousands of Hungarian youths have shed their blood.
(map)
What was given to Austria?
Austria received through the capricious carving up Moson, Sopron and Vas counties a territory of
4026 square kilometers with
292,588 inhabitants
according to the census of 1920
From Moson county 28 towns, of Sopron county 102 towns, from Vas county 194 towns were annexed to Austria. As a result of this annexation the railroad system was also mutilated. Because of this political rules the citizens of Sopron, Kőszeg, Szombathely cities were kept from their natural markets which were in these cities and have been forced under Austrian rule.
Our losses were accentuated that the many memorials, monuments like the castles in Kismarton, Fraknó, Vasvörösvár, Németújvár, the famous churches of Máriafalva, Somfalva and the loss of the baths of Tarcsa and Savanyúkút. From a church point of vies the mutilated dioceses of Győr and Szombathely were given over to the Archbishopry of Vienna; the famous Lutheran middle school of Felsőlövő were lost too.
What did Poland receive?
When Hungary was mutitlated Poland demanded some of the Hungarian territories given to the Czechs, namely the towns of Árva county with Polish population, where the so called gorál group lived who were speaking the Polish language and they also asked for several bordering towns in Szepes county. This request was satisfied by the ruling council of the peace dictating board. As a consequence Poland received from Árva county’s Trsztana district 14, Szepes county’s Szepesófalvi district 13 towns, alltogather
589 square kilometers
in territory and
24,000 inhabitants.
Since these territories at the uppermost border of Hungary were planned to be given over to the Czechs we do not hold these losses strictly against Poland. For these reasons we counted these territories among the losses to the Czechs.
What did Italy receive?
After the 1918 collapse the Italians occupied the port city of Fiume. Fiume was constantly coveted by the Croatians even during the Hungarian rule. Since the Italians received Fiume to be incorporated into Italy its fate as far as the Serbian-Croatian-Slovenian demands are concerned was settled. According to the latest agreements Italy opens its doors to the Hungarian commerce. Wit Fiume we lost command over our only seaport; it is the loss of a small territory, only about 21 square kilometers, with 49,806 inhabitants. But a lot of constructions, seaports, storage facilities, the palace of the governor, schools of navigation, all of which were heavily invested in were lost, and the Baross port was given over with Italy’s consent and agreement to the southern Slav states.
*
Everyone got some of our flesh, our blood, our wealth something upon request. They received it easily without a base, since the open-handed robbers of a country were generous to the detriment of truth, historical rights, and geographic unit, when a thousand year old country’s thousand year old population had to be given over with other wealth too.
How many Magyars got under foreign rule?
The peace-dictators in order to give some semblence of ethical decisions to their aggression, talked about honoring and implementation of the %nemzetisegi elv%, which in other words meant that every nationality will be annexed where they belong from linguistic, racial and emotional point of view.
How much the preparers of the forced peace accord of Hungary disregarded their own advocated principles as far as etnography, ethnographic circumstances were concerned and lead with false data the uninformed American and English delegates of the conference is demonstrated by the wide band of uniformly Magyar speaking territories on the map.
The Hungarian peace delegation lead by Count Albert Apponyi submitted maps concerning the ethnic distribution of Hungary’s population at the beginning of the peace talks but it was not needed there. There existed only the keyword of falsification as the guiding principle of ethnography. In reality all they wanted is to reward the Czechs who during the war underhandedly attacked Hungary who forged an allegiance with the enemy and wanted to recompense the Serbs who have the initial push to the outbreak of the war in exchange for bearing arms.. It was mostly France who hated and was afraid of a future German retaliation who wanted to keep these two countries as its allies with these rewards. So Hungary became a booty and means of payment who shed its blood faithfully for its allies and it suffered greatly, was accused by its internal enemies and was made a scape-goat.
The quarter-million Hungarian population which was torn from the motherland was an even greater loss by the fact that the countries to which these territories were given are doing everyshing in their power to take away their language and national culture. All the violence, the repressin of the Magyar language and the foreign settlers which were planted among them all serve the destruction of the Hungarians. They take away their lands, or they levy heavy taxes on their holdings and they restrict the efficacy of their economic and industrial activities through the arbitrary rules of the officials.
In the previous parts we mentioned the lost schools only in general terms, but since their upkeep or their misuse and seizing is of vital importance to the Hungarian population of the seized regions we will elucidate the status of the schools according to the different countries. We cannot fail to mention the just complaints which states that not only the schools were occupied, but the spirit of the schools were ruined, what’s more it was done forcefully through official decrees through which even the few schools which were able to teach the Magyar language the children were forced to learn the degrading statements about Hungary, falsified informations, and poems defamatory to Hungary. Minority rights guaranteed in the peace treaty were thrown out and Hungarian students of the middle schools were failed on mass to hinder their higher education and thus they were forced into a lower educational level.
Ever increasing number of people, mostly Hungarian state officials fled from the persecutions to Mutilated Hungary which increased the number of the inhabitants there but was a great drain to the Magyar population of the severed parts: but this, considering the natural increase of the population in the meanwhile did not change much of the data of the 1910 census. Even as the successor states did everything through different means to lessen the numbers of the Magyars in the 1920 census. So all holders of foreign names were forced into the ruling nation’s census and in Transylvania the Sicul and Jewish population were counted as an independent nationality and they used other unjust, unscientific and arbitrary methods in order to show a smaller number of Hungarians. But all this did not give the desired results because we have very exact data concerning the numbers which were given under foreign rule.
What was given to Austria?
Austria received through the capricious carving up Moson, Sopron and Vas counties a territory of
4026 square kilometers with
292,588 inhabitants
according to the census of 1920
From Moson county 28 towns, of Sopron county 102 towns, from Vas county 194 towns were annexed to Austria. As a result of this annexation the railroad system was also mutilated. Because of this political rules the citizens of Sopron, Kőszeg, Szombathely cities were kept from their natural markets which were in these cities and have been forced under Austrian rule.
Our losses were accentuated that the many memorials, monuments like the castles in Kismarton, Fraknó, Vasvörösvár, Németújvár, the famous churches of Máriafalva, Somfalva and the loss of the baths of Tarcsa and Savanyúkút. From a church point of vies the mutilated dioceses of Győr and Szombathely were given over to the Archbishopry of Vienna; the famous Lutheran middle school of Felsőlövő were lost too.
What did Poland receive?
When Hungary was mutitlated Poland demanded some of the Hungarian territories given to the Czechs, namely the towns of Árva county with Polish population, where the so called gorál group lived who were speaking the Polish language and they also asked for several bordering towns in Szepes county. This request was satisfied by the ruling council of the peace dictating board. As a consequence Poland received from Árva county’s Trsztana district 14, Szepes county’s Szepesófalvi district 13 towns, alltogather
589 square kilometers
in territory and
24,000 inhabitants.
Since these territories at the uppermost border of Hungary were planned to be given over to the Czechs we do not hold these losses strictly against Poland. For these reasons we counted these territories among the losses to the Czechs.
What did Italy receive?
After the 1918 collapse the Italians occupied the port city of Fiume. Fiume was constantly coveted by the Croatians even during the Hungarian rule. Since the Italians received Fiume to be incorporated into Italy its fate as far as the Serbian-Croatian-Slovenian demands are concerned was settled. According to the latest agreements Italy opens its doors to the Hungarian commerce. Wit Fiume we lost command over our only seaport; it is the loss of a small territory, only about 21 square kilometers, with 49,806 inhabitants. But a lot of constructions, seaports, storage facilities, the palace of the governor, schools of navigation, all of which were heavily invested in were lost, and the Baross port was given over with Italy’s consent and agreement to the southern Slav states.
*
Everyone got some of our flesh, our blood, our wealth something upon request. They received it easily without a base, since the open-handed robbers of a country were generous to the detriment of truth, historical rights, and geographic unit, when a thousand year old country’s thousand year old population had to be given over with other wealth too.
How many Magyars got under foreign rule?
The peace-dictators in order to give some semblence of ethical decisions to their aggression, talked about honoring and implementation of the %nemzetisegi elv%, which in other words meant that every nationality will be annexed where they belong from linguistic, racial and emotional point of view.
How much the preparers of the forced peace accord of Hungary disregarded their own advocated principles as far as etnography, ethnographic circumstances were concerned and lead with false data the uninformed American and English delegates of the conference is demonstrated by the wide band of uniformly Magyar speaking territories on the map.
The Hungarian peace delegation lead by Count Albert Apponyi submitted maps concerning the ethnic distribution of Hungary’s population at the beginning of the peace talks but it was not needed there. There existed only the keyword of falsification as the guiding principle of ethnography. In reality all they wanted is to reward the Czechs who during the war underhandedly attacked Hungary who forged an allegiance with the enemy and wanted to recompense the Serbs who have the initial push to the outbreak of the war in exchange for bearing arms.. It was mostly France who hated and was afraid of a future German retaliation who wanted to keep these two countries as its allies with these rewards. So Hungary became a booty and means of payment who shed its blood faithfully for its allies and it suffered greatly, was accused by its internal enemies and was made a scape-goat.
The quarter-million Hungarian population which was torn from the motherland was an even greater loss by the fact that the countries to which these territories were given are doing everyshing in their power to take away their language and national culture. All the violence, the repressin of the Magyar language and the foreign settlers which were planted among them all serve the destruction of the Hungarians. They take away their lands, or they levy heavy taxes on their holdings and they restrict the efficacy of their economic and industrial activities through the arbitrary rules of the officials.
In the previous parts we mentioned the lost schools only in general terms, but since their upkeep or their misuse and seizing is of vital importance to the Hungarian population of the seized regions we will elucidate the status of the schools according to the different countries. We cannot fail to mention the just complaints which states that not only the schools were occupied, but the spirit of the schools were ruined, what’s more it was done forcefully through official decrees through which even the few schools which were able to teach the Magyar language the children were forced to learn the degrading statements about Hungary, falsified informations, and poems defamatory to Hungary. Minority rights guaranteed in the peace treaty were thrown out and Hungarian students of the middle schools were failed on mass to hinder their higher education and thus they were forced into a lower educational level.
Ever increasing number of people, mostly Hungarian state officials fled from the persecutions to Mutilated Hungary which increased the number of the inhabitants there but was a great drain to the Magyar population of the severed parts: but this, considering the natural increase of the population in the meanwhile did not change much of the data of the 1910 census. Even as the successor states did everything through different means to lessen the numbers of the Magyars in the 1920 census. So all holders of foreign names were forced into the ruling nation’s census and in Transylvania the Sicul and Jewish population were counted as an independent nationality and they used other unjust, unscientific and arbitrary methods in order to show a smaller number of Hungarians. But all this did not give the desired results because we have very exact data concerning the numbers which were given under foreign rule.
Illustration
Pictoral representation of the human loss:
Approximately three and a half million Hungarian inhabitants.
How many Magyars are in Czeh territory?
We have to differenciate five different bands on the territory cut away from Hungary and given to the Czechoslovak Republic.
The first band is a purely Magyar teritory from Pozsony to Ungvar, where among the 852 towns only 13 towns have a Slovak majority.
The second band is the western Slovak territory with considerable Hungarian (and German) minorities.
The third are the territories around individual cities of Nyitra, Losonc, Kassa with threquarter Hungarian population.
The fourth is the eastern territory with mixed population (Szepes, Saros, Zemplen), where among the 1119 towns 201,000 Hungarians, and 111,000 Germans live next to 331,000 Slovaks and finally the Rutenian territory where barely 1 % Slovaks live, and one quarter of the population is Hungarian.
The number of Hungarians given to Czechoslovakia is 1,084.343 and out of this on Magyar language territory there are 813,601 Hungarians.
On territories lost to Czechoslovakia the following Magyar educational institutions Hungary lost 498 kindergartens, 4280 elementary schools of which 953 were public schools, with 119,958 students whose mother language was Magyar, 110 trade schools, 14 schools designed to educate people working in commerce, 114 middle schools with 11,431 students, whose mother language was Magyar, 43 gimnasiums (with classical or mathematical concentrations) with 12,702 students of which 10,112 had a Magyar mother language.
How many Magyars were given over to Rumania?
Hungary lost
1,704.851 Magyars
with the territories given to Rumania. Concerning the Magyar population we have to distinguish several regions and islands on Rumanian territories. First of all we have to distinguish the purely Magyar region next to the newly established borders, after that the Sicul (Szekely) land which forms a separate linguistic island. There are the separate territories where a mixed Rumanian and Magyar population lives and finally the Bansag also with a mixed population.
The purely Magyar territories were cut off of Szatmar, Bihar, Arad counties. Here of the 480,000 inhabitants 409,334 were of the Magyar mother tongue. The other barely 7 % Rumanians live in scattered communities.
The Sicul (Szekely) purely Magyar population lives between a Rumanian and Saxon occupied territory which has only near the Rumanian border some Rumanian towns, alltogether 37,700 souls while the number of Magyars on this territory is 489.543.
The Magyar and mixed population occupied lands of Transylvania (Erdely) where we can count the Magyar islands of Szilagysag and Szatmar counties of the 577,000 inhabitants 244,000 is Magyar.
On the mixed population of Banat the majority is German, more closely 60 %, the number of the Magyars is 64,000 and the Rumanians constitute only one quarter of the population.
The Rumanians had a great number of schools under the Hungarian regime and this is the loudest refutation of the accusation of oppression by Hungarians, the way it has been publicized all over Europe. There were 2100 Rumanian elementary schools here. The total number of schools which remained in Rumanian territories was 4928 of which 1306 were public schools. The total number of Magyar speaking students was 180,018. There are no statistics how many schools were closed down by the Rumanians. Teaching in the Magyar mother tongue was only possible in parochial schools and even there only with severe limitations, all other schools banned the education in Magyar language and this way they made a Rumanian school of the purely Magyar Liceum in Arad. The Magyar students were forcibly Rumanianized.
Hungary lost 120 high-schools, 60 middle schools due to the transference of ownership to Rumania with 15,624 Hungarian highschool students and 12,888 Hungarian middleschool students.
How many Magyars are in Serbia?
Not counting Croatia which was given under Serbian rule, where according to the 1910 census 106,000 Magyars lived,
457,595 Magyars
remained on the Magyar lands which were annexed to the Serbo-Croatian-Slovenian Kingcom; in smaller part on the territories of Zala and Baranya counties, partly in Torontál county, but its largest portion came from Bács-Bodrog county, where the Magyar population was mixed with large numbers of German inhabitants. The upper region of the territory that was taken over by the Serbs had a Magyar majority where of the 457,597 Magyars 242,300 Magyars live, while the number of Serbs on this territory was only 41,700 in 1910.
Hungary lost to the Southern Slav state 549 Kindergartens, 897 elementary schools with 50,346 Magyar students, 49 polgári (higher elementary) schools with 4523 Magyar students and 11 middle schools with 1900 Magyar students.
How many Magyars did Austria get?
Based upon the German language on the territory given to Austria, next to the 216,000 Germans the number of annexed Magyars was 24,807, of whom 10,000 lived in Vas county, 7,800 lived in Sopron county and 7,000 in Moson county. Hungary lost to Austria 369 elementary schools, with 3085 students whose mother tongue was Magyar, further on Hungary lost 5 higher elementary schools and 273 Magyar students, 1 middle school in Felsőlövő.
Magyar losses -- in numbers
How much was Hungary’s sacrafice in blood?
Hungary sacraficed a lot of blood not only in her own defence but also to protect the borders of Austria, on the Russian battlefield it fought for Galicia, on the Italian battlefield to protect the seashores and Tirol’s protection within Austria, the Austria which itself gladly went after the spoils of war. Besides this Hungary sent a far greater percentage of her sons to the battlefield than the Austrian provinces with the exception of Tirol.
From the Hungarian Kingdom 3,436.776 individuals were inducted into the army according to official statistics, in other words, considering the number of inhabitants three and a half percent more of the population went to war than in Austria, where 125,000 less people were inducted as it would have been required according to the numbers of Hungary.
The loss of the Hungarian inductees
660,821 died
in the World War, of these 380,774 fell on the battlefields. The rest is partly either lost, or an unknown dead, or died in captivity or some illness, or communicable diseases acquired on the battlefield.
Individuals coming back from the battlefields and died at home of their wounds or disease 77,192 were buried. These are the fallen heroes. Most of them were buried in Budapest, namely 17,516. The resting place of 101,878 fallen heroes in foreign countries is known. The greatest number of these is known in Italy: 30,433
The most dead came from Békés, Zala, Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok, Somogy, Baranya and Torontál counties’ population.
The blood sacrafice of the wounded was also significant. The more so since great number of the wounded returned after their recovery to the battlefield and were wounded again. The number of Hungary’s wounded was 1,536.000 So of the inductees according to the statistics of the defence ministry
250,000 were disabled
at the end of the war.
Is our military enough?
Our military is insufficient even to protect our mutilated country not only because of the limitation of its numbers but also the lack of equipment which was forced upon Hungary.
The evil and humiliating jurisdiction of the Trianon Peace next to the injustices of the borders the most glaring is the fact that against the hostile powers surrounding us -- which if they decide for whatever reason to forcefully hinder Hungary’s actions, even its internal affairs affecting its own internal affairs and economy – Hungary was unable to protect herself against these outside forces with arms. The Trianon Peace limited the number of troops to 35,000 individuals with the stipulation that these have to be mercenary troops. They forbade the establishment of completing contingences; so the military was not completed through a system based on the universal duty of protection or induction, but the soldiers had to be really paid for services. It is natural that this way not even the permitted numbers cannot be filled. The peace-dictators wanted to athrophy the military valor of the Hungarian soldiers -- which was often noted by our enemies on the battlefields – through this dictated limitation by denying the military training of the Hungarian youth.
(Pictures: to be completed.)
Pictoral representation of the human loss:
Approximately three and a half million Hungarian inhabitants.
How many Magyars are in Czeh territory?
We have to differenciate five different bands on the territory cut away from Hungary and given to the Czechoslovak Republic.
The first band is a purely Magyar teritory from Pozsony to Ungvar, where among the 852 towns only 13 towns have a Slovak majority.
The second band is the western Slovak territory with considerable Hungarian (and German) minorities.
The third are the territories around individual cities of Nyitra, Losonc, Kassa with threquarter Hungarian population.
The fourth is the eastern territory with mixed population (Szepes, Saros, Zemplen), where among the 1119 towns 201,000 Hungarians, and 111,000 Germans live next to 331,000 Slovaks and finally the Rutenian territory where barely 1 % Slovaks live, and one quarter of the population is Hungarian.
The number of Hungarians given to Czechoslovakia is 1,084.343 and out of this on Magyar language territory there are 813,601 Hungarians.
On territories lost to Czechoslovakia the following Magyar educational institutions Hungary lost 498 kindergartens, 4280 elementary schools of which 953 were public schools, with 119,958 students whose mother language was Magyar, 110 trade schools, 14 schools designed to educate people working in commerce, 114 middle schools with 11,431 students, whose mother language was Magyar, 43 gimnasiums (with classical or mathematical concentrations) with 12,702 students of which 10,112 had a Magyar mother language.
How many Magyars were given over to Rumania?
Hungary lost
1,704.851 Magyars
with the territories given to Rumania. Concerning the Magyar population we have to distinguish several regions and islands on Rumanian territories. First of all we have to distinguish the purely Magyar region next to the newly established borders, after that the Sicul (Szekely) land which forms a separate linguistic island. There are the separate territories where a mixed Rumanian and Magyar population lives and finally the Bansag also with a mixed population.
The purely Magyar territories were cut off of Szatmar, Bihar, Arad counties. Here of the 480,000 inhabitants 409,334 were of the Magyar mother tongue. The other barely 7 % Rumanians live in scattered communities.
The Sicul (Szekely) purely Magyar population lives between a Rumanian and Saxon occupied territory which has only near the Rumanian border some Rumanian towns, alltogether 37,700 souls while the number of Magyars on this territory is 489.543.
The Magyar and mixed population occupied lands of Transylvania (Erdely) where we can count the Magyar islands of Szilagysag and Szatmar counties of the 577,000 inhabitants 244,000 is Magyar.
On the mixed population of Banat the majority is German, more closely 60 %, the number of the Magyars is 64,000 and the Rumanians constitute only one quarter of the population.
The Rumanians had a great number of schools under the Hungarian regime and this is the loudest refutation of the accusation of oppression by Hungarians, the way it has been publicized all over Europe. There were 2100 Rumanian elementary schools here. The total number of schools which remained in Rumanian territories was 4928 of which 1306 were public schools. The total number of Magyar speaking students was 180,018. There are no statistics how many schools were closed down by the Rumanians. Teaching in the Magyar mother tongue was only possible in parochial schools and even there only with severe limitations, all other schools banned the education in Magyar language and this way they made a Rumanian school of the purely Magyar Liceum in Arad. The Magyar students were forcibly Rumanianized.
Hungary lost 120 high-schools, 60 middle schools due to the transference of ownership to Rumania with 15,624 Hungarian highschool students and 12,888 Hungarian middleschool students.
How many Magyars are in Serbia?
Not counting Croatia which was given under Serbian rule, where according to the 1910 census 106,000 Magyars lived,
457,595 Magyars
remained on the Magyar lands which were annexed to the Serbo-Croatian-Slovenian Kingcom; in smaller part on the territories of Zala and Baranya counties, partly in Torontál county, but its largest portion came from Bács-Bodrog county, where the Magyar population was mixed with large numbers of German inhabitants. The upper region of the territory that was taken over by the Serbs had a Magyar majority where of the 457,597 Magyars 242,300 Magyars live, while the number of Serbs on this territory was only 41,700 in 1910.
Hungary lost to the Southern Slav state 549 Kindergartens, 897 elementary schools with 50,346 Magyar students, 49 polgári (higher elementary) schools with 4523 Magyar students and 11 middle schools with 1900 Magyar students.
How many Magyars did Austria get?
Based upon the German language on the territory given to Austria, next to the 216,000 Germans the number of annexed Magyars was 24,807, of whom 10,000 lived in Vas county, 7,800 lived in Sopron county and 7,000 in Moson county. Hungary lost to Austria 369 elementary schools, with 3085 students whose mother tongue was Magyar, further on Hungary lost 5 higher elementary schools and 273 Magyar students, 1 middle school in Felsőlövő.
Magyar losses -- in numbers
How much was Hungary’s sacrafice in blood?
Hungary sacraficed a lot of blood not only in her own defence but also to protect the borders of Austria, on the Russian battlefield it fought for Galicia, on the Italian battlefield to protect the seashores and Tirol’s protection within Austria, the Austria which itself gladly went after the spoils of war. Besides this Hungary sent a far greater percentage of her sons to the battlefield than the Austrian provinces with the exception of Tirol.
From the Hungarian Kingdom 3,436.776 individuals were inducted into the army according to official statistics, in other words, considering the number of inhabitants three and a half percent more of the population went to war than in Austria, where 125,000 less people were inducted as it would have been required according to the numbers of Hungary.
The loss of the Hungarian inductees
660,821 died
in the World War, of these 380,774 fell on the battlefields. The rest is partly either lost, or an unknown dead, or died in captivity or some illness, or communicable diseases acquired on the battlefield.
Individuals coming back from the battlefields and died at home of their wounds or disease 77,192 were buried. These are the fallen heroes. Most of them were buried in Budapest, namely 17,516. The resting place of 101,878 fallen heroes in foreign countries is known. The greatest number of these is known in Italy: 30,433
The most dead came from Békés, Zala, Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok, Somogy, Baranya and Torontál counties’ population.
The blood sacrafice of the wounded was also significant. The more so since great number of the wounded returned after their recovery to the battlefield and were wounded again. The number of Hungary’s wounded was 1,536.000 So of the inductees according to the statistics of the defence ministry
250,000 were disabled
at the end of the war.
Is our military enough?
Our military is insufficient even to protect our mutilated country not only because of the limitation of its numbers but also the lack of equipment which was forced upon Hungary.
The evil and humiliating jurisdiction of the Trianon Peace next to the injustices of the borders the most glaring is the fact that against the hostile powers surrounding us -- which if they decide for whatever reason to forcefully hinder Hungary’s actions, even its internal affairs affecting its own internal affairs and economy – Hungary was unable to protect herself against these outside forces with arms. The Trianon Peace limited the number of troops to 35,000 individuals with the stipulation that these have to be mercenary troops. They forbade the establishment of completing contingences; so the military was not completed through a system based on the universal duty of protection or induction, but the soldiers had to be really paid for services. It is natural that this way not even the permitted numbers cannot be filled. The peace-dictators wanted to athrophy the military valor of the Hungarian soldiers -- which was often noted by our enemies on the battlefields – through this dictated limitation by denying the military training of the Hungarian youth.
(Pictures: to be completed.)
